Battle of Gazala in World War II

The Battle of Gazala was fought May 26 to June 21, 1942, during the Western Desert Campaign of World War II (1939-1945). Despite having been thrown back in late 1941, General Erwin Rommel began pushing east across Libya early the following year. Responding, Allied forces constructed a fortified line at Gazala which extended south from the Mediterranean coast. On May 26, Rommel opened operations against this position by attempting to flank it from the south with the goal of trapping Allied forces near the coast. In nearly a month of fighting, Rommel was able to shatter the Gazala line and send the Allies retreating back into Egypt. Background In the wake of Operation Crusader in late 1941, General Erwin Rommels German and Italian forces were compelled to retreat west to at El Agheila. Assuming a new position behind a strong line of fortifications, Rommels Panzer Army Afrika was not attacked by British forces under General Sir Claude Auchinleck and Major General Neil Ritchie. This was largely due to the British need to consolidate their gains and build a logistical network after an advance of over 500 miles. Largely pleased with the offensive, the two British commanders had succeeded in relieving the siege of Tobruk (Map). Major General Neil Ritchie (center) addressing other officers in North Africa, May 31, 1942. Public Domain As a result of the need to improve their supply lines, the British reduced their frontline troop strength in the area of El Agheila. Probing the Allied lines in January 1942, Rommel found little opposition and began a limited offensive east. Retaking Benghazi (January 28) and Timimi (February 3), he pushed on towards Tobruk. Rushing to consolidate their forces, the British formed a new line west of Tobruk and extending south from Gazala. Beginning at the coast, the Gazala line extended 50 miles south where it was anchored on the town of Bir Hakeim. To cover this line, Auchinleck and Ritchie deployed their troops in brigade-strength boxes which were linked by barbed wire and minefields. The bulk of the Allied troops were placed near the coast with progressively fewer as the line extended into the desert. The defense of Bir Hakeim was assigned to a brigade of the 1st Free French Division. As the spring progressed, both sides took time to resupply and refit. On the Allied side, this saw the arrival of new General Grant tanks which could match the German Panzer IV as well as improvements in coordination between the Desert Air Force and troops on the ground. Rommels Plan Assessing the situation, Rommel devised a plan for a sweeping flank attack around Bir Hakeim designed to destroy the British armor and cut off those divisions along the Gazala Line. To execute this offensive, he intended the Italian 132nd Armored Division Ariete to assault Bir Hakeim while the 21st and 15th Panzer Divisions swung around the Allied flank to attack their rear. This maneuver would be supported by the 90th Light Afrika Division Battle Group which was to move around the Allied flank to El Adem to block reinforcements from joining the battle. Fast Facts: Battle of Gazala Conflict: World War II (1939-1945)Dates: May 26-June 21, 1942Armies Commanders:AlliesGeneral Sir Claude AuchinleckMajor General Neil Ritchie175,000 men, 843 tanksAxisGeneral Erwin Rommel80,000 men, 560 tanksCasualties:Allies: approx. 98,000 men killed, wounded, and captured as well as around 540 tanksAxis: approx. 32,000 casualties and 114 tanks Fighting Begins To complete the attack, elements of the Italian XX Motorized Corps and 101st Motorized Division Trieste were to clear a path through the minefields north of Bir Hakeim and near the Sidi Muftah box to supply the armored advance. To hold Allied troops in place, the Italian X and XXI Corps would assault the Gazala Line near the coast. At 2:00 PM on May 26, these formations moved forward. That night, Rommel personally led his mobile forces as they began the flanking maneuver. Almost immediately the plan began to unravel as the French mounted a vigorous defense of Bir Hakeim, repelling the Italians (Map). A short distance to the southeast, Rommels forces were held up for several hours by the 7th Armoured Divisions 3rd Indian Motor Brigade. Though they were forced to withdraw, they inflicted heavy losses on the attackers. By midday on the 27th, the momentum of Rommels attack was faltering as British armor entered the battle and Bir Hakeim held out. Only the 90th Light had clear success, over-running the 7th Armoured Divisions advance headquarters and reaching the El Adem area. As fighting raged over the next several days, Rommels forces became trapped in an area known as The Cauldron (Map). Turning the Tide This area saw his men trapped by Bir Hakeim to the south, Tobruk to the north, and the minefields of the original Allied line to the west. Under constant assault by Allied armor from the north and east, Rommels supply situation was reaching critical levels and he began to contemplate surrender. These thoughts were erased when early on May 29 supply trucks, supported by the Italian Trieste and Ariete Divisions, breached the minefields north Bir Hakeim. Able to re-supply, Rommel attacked west on May 30 to link up with the Italian X Corps. Destroying the Sidi Muftah box, he was able to split the Allied front in two. On June 1, Rommel dispatched the 90th Light and Trieste divisions to reduce Bir Hakeim, but their efforts were repulsed. At the British headquarters, Auchinleck, fueled by overly-optimistic intelligence assessments, pushed Ritchie to counterattack along the coast to reach Timimi. Rather than oblige his superior, Ritchie instead focused on covering Tobruk and reinforcing the box around El Adem. On June 5 a counterattack did move forward, but Eighth Army made no progress. That afternoon, Rommel decided to attack east towards Bir el Hatmat and north against the Knightsbridge Box. Italian Ariete Division tanks at the Battle of Gazala, June 10, 1942. Public Domain The former succeeded in overrunning the tactical headquarters of two British divisions leading to a breakdown of command and control in the area. As a result, several units were severely beaten through the afternoon and on June 6. Continuing to build strength in the Cauldron, Rommel conducted several attacks on Bir Hakeim between June 6 and 8, significantly reducing the French perimeter. By June 10 their defenses had been shattered and Ritchie ordered them to evacuate. In a series of attacks around the Knightsbridge and El Adem boxes on June 11-13, Rommels forces dealt the British armor a severe defeat. After abandoning Knightsbridge on the evening of the 13, Ritchie was authorized to retreat from the Gazala Line the next day. With Allied forces holding the El Adem area, the 1st South African Division was able to retreat along the coast road intact, though the 50th (Northumbrian) Division was forced to attack south into the desert before turning east to reach friendly lines. The boxes at El Adem and Sidi Rezegh were evacuated on June 17 and the garrison at Tobruk was left to defend itself. Though ordered to hold a line west of Tobruk at Acroma, this proved unfeasible and Ritchie began a long retreat back to Mersa Matruh in Egypt. Though Allied leaders expected Tobruk to be able to hold out for two or three months on existing supplies, it was surrendered on June 21. Captured Allied soldiers march out of Tobruk, June 1942. Bundesarchiv, Bild 101I-785-0294-32A / Tannenberg / CC-BY-SA 3.0 Aftermath The Battle of Gazala cost the Allies around 98,000 men killed, wounded, and captured as well as around 540 tanks. Axis losses were approximately 32,000 casualties and 114 tanks. For his victory and the capture of Tobruk, Rommel was promoted to field marshal by Hitler. Assessing the position at Mersa Matruh, Auchinleck decided to abandon it in favor of a stronger one at El Alamein. Rommel assaulted this position in July but made no progress. A final effort was made the Battle of Alam Halfa in late August with no results.

Tragedy A Great Topic - 1061 Words

Tragedy: A Great Topic (In Discussion: The Construction of Poetry) â€Å"Of all the Causes which conspire to blind man’s erring judgement, and misguide the mind, what the weak head with strongest bias rules, is pride, the never-failing vice of fools. Whatever Nature has in worth denied, she gives in large recruits of needful Pride: for as in bodies, thus in souls, we find what wants in blood and spirit, swelled with wind: Pride, where Wit fails, steps in to our defence, and fills up all the mighty Void of sense.† (Page 702 Lines 1-10). This is a quote from Alexander Pope’s An Essay on Criticism. Alexander Pope wrote poetry. His favorite topic was informative. In this poem the first fourteen lines are about pride, stanza two is about the lack of learning. He also talks about wit, judging a book by the cover, how hard it is to please, being partial to groups the critic favors, being influenced by others, and more. Aristotle loved to write on tragedy. According to Richard Sorabji, â€Å"Aristotle groups together thought, perceptio n and walking as activities of which we are conscious, and does not follow Descartes in protesting that we are not immediately conscious of corporeal walking. Thought, perception and walking are grouped together again, on the grounds that they all belong to humans, none to plants.† Aristotle does not agree with Descartes in what is conscious and what isn’t. Aristotle wrote an essay entitled Tragedy and the Emotions of Pity and Fear. Aristotle and AlexanderShow MoreRelatedOedipus : The King Of Thebes And Tragic Hero Essay728 Words   |  3 PagesTragic Hero Ancient Greek Literature encompasses an assortment of poetry and drama to include the great masterpieces of tragedy. In Classic Literature, tragedies were commonly known for their elaboration of a protagonist fitting the classification of a tragic hero. 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Junk Food Prevalence and Its Physical and Mental Implications Free Essays

Name: Ali Hussain Al-Attas Date: 15/10/2011 Cause Effect Junk Food Prevalence and its Physical and Mental Implications Introduction: A study conducted lately, showed that junk food affects the function and structure of the brain which could change peoples’ behavior, especially that of children. By definition, junk food is pre-prepared food that has low nutritional value and is high in calories. The aim of this paper is to explore the causes of junk food prevalence and its physical and mental effects. We will write a custom essay sample on Junk Food Prevalence and Its Physical and Mental Implications or any similar topic only for you Order Now Paragraph 1: Causes: Abundance and Advertisements: Junk food has become very popular among people owing to its accessibility, taste, cost and strong media advertising. It’s difficult to find a district, or even a street, without a fast-food restaurant. Statistics indicate that the number of these restaurants tripled in the last decade. An example of advertisement is putting surprises, free toys, with every â€Å"happy meal† to attract children. The rise of the number of fast-food restaurant leads to an increase in its physical and mental hazards. Paragraph 2: Effects: Physical Implications: Junk food physical hazards of can be broadly categorized into two groups. The first is the immediate effect, namely, obesity that presents health risks. In 2005, a study conducted by NIH found higher rates of obesity in high schools with nearby fast-food restaurants. According to a study carried out on general education students in Saudi Arabia, the rate of obesity among those who frequently eat fast food is 38. 20%, while the rate is 19. 43% among those eating only one meal a week. Another study revealed that about one out of four (or 23. 6%) of Saudi adults are classified as obese. The second group is the distal effects. Being overweight and can increase the chances of getting chronic illnesses. The OSG pointed out that simply becoming obese, with over 30 BMI, raises the likelihood of developing many diseases including heart attack, stroke and few types of cancer. A 14-year prospective study showed men aged 40 to 65 years with a BMI more than 29 had a 72% increased risk of getting nonfatal or fatal coronary heart disease. Clearly, there are direct and indirect connections between junk food and a number of physical illnesses. Paragraph 3: Effects: Mental Implications: Similarly, Junk food results in emotional issues, such as, hyperactivity, and depression. What it does is that it changes the order of the brain. A recent study, conducted at 2010, revealed that it raises the risk of depression by 55%. Another research, involved 80 participants, showed that a drop in anger, aggression and depression resulted from replacing it with more healthy food. It also affects the educational attainment of students by secreting hormones that cause a partial mind inactivity. From that, it can be inferred that there is a strong link between consuming junk food and several behavioral problems. Conclusion: This paper illustrated the spread of junk food as an important factor for many physical and mental problems. Consuming junk food has direct implications, such as obesity. In addition, it leads indirectly to a number of chronic diseases. Furthermore, it changes peoples’ behavior and causes emotional illnesses e. g. aggression and depression. But it still widely spread because of the strong advertisement and few minor reasons. The awareness of this problem is on the increase, but the danger still exists, and governments and official organizations have to do something to reduce these risks. How to cite Junk Food Prevalence and Its Physical and Mental Implications, Essays

Introducing Research Methodology â€Free Sample- Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the Introducing Research Methodology. Answer: Introduction The section of research methodology supports the researcher to enhance their awareness towards research technologies as it will be effective to conduct the research and obtain a feasible outcome. This chapter also aids the investigator to collect accurate data from customer and employees of Swiss Watch Services L.L.C about the importance of Aftersales service and its impact on customer retention within the watchmaking industry in the UAE (Brinkmann, 2014). Moreover, the RM (research methodology) entails many tools like research philosophy, research strategy, research design, and data pooling technique, data evaluation method, sampling method, ethical consideration, and research limitation. The research methodology will be imperative for the researcher as it could be supportive for accomplishing the objectives of research. It will also support the research scholar to effectively complete the current research concern. The main aim of this research is to address the importance of Afters ales service and its impact on customer retention within the Swiss Watch Services L.L.C. Furthermore, for this dissertation, the research scholar has practised many sources of data to address the appropriate information regarding the research issue like books, journals, academic data, online and offline sources. Research onion Framework In the research methodology, the research onion framework supports to determine appropriate technique for attaining the research aim and objectives. It also supports to provide depth understanding towards many research methods such as research strategy, research approach, time horizon, and research approach. Research Philosophy In the research study, research philosophy is imperative to collect the information in the context of specified research issues. Further, research philosophy supports the researcher to address the tools of data collection, and interpreting the information via executing the appropriate research process (Gast, and Ledford, 2014). In the research study, research philosophy is categorized into three parts such as positivism, realism, and intrepretivism research philosophy (Flick, 2015). In this dissertation, the researcher will collect opinion and views of employees and customers of Swiss Watch Services L.L.C. Consequently, it helps to get the reliable outcome regarding research the research matter. Moreover, opinion and views of the participants become a valid source of data collection (Glesne, 2015). For this research, the researcher has considered paradigm research philosophy for attaining specific aim and objectives. The pragmatic research philosophy is combination of two research philosophy such as interpretivism and positivism philosophy. In this, the interpretivism philosophy permits the researcher to get theoretical data regarding the current research matter. Besides this, the positivism research philosophy enables to collect factual information in the context of current research matter. In this research study, a research scholar will not consider realism philosophy because this philosophy is based on the nature of reality as it could decline the quality of research outcome. Research Approach Research approach plays an imperative role in the research study because it supports to attain the research aim and objectives. It also helps the investigator to solve research issue in less time and cost. Through research approach, a researcher will be capable to accurate information in the context of the current research dilemma. In the research study, two kinds of research approaches are considered such as inductive and deductive approach (Hadi, 2015). For this research study, the deductive approach is used by the researcher because there is a requirement of hypothesis development. This research method enables the research scholar to select appropriate techniques about current research area. Moreover, it is also analysed that the deductive approach as it will be suitable for the positivism research philosophy as it will be effective to collect the factual information regarding the research matter. Beside this, the inductive approach facilitates researcher to gain the conceptual un derstanding about specified research study. Hence, it cannot be appropriate for this research study. The deductive approach also facilitates the investigator reject or accept developed hypothesis on the basis of research dilemma. Through this method, a research will be to collect the valid result in specified time (Khan, et al., 2014). Research Design There are many research methods that assist the researcher to examine design of research study. Research design could be considered certain factors like explanatory, descriptive and exploratory research design. The exploratory research design is based on the primary research wherein the researcher has capable to collect factual data in terms of current research matter (Kumar, 2014). Beside this, explanatory research design supports the researcher to enhance their knowledge in term of the current research concern. In the research design, two kinds of methods are considered like qualitative and quantitative research design. The qualitative research design supports to collect information from interview and observation as it would be supportive to improve the quality of research results (Mukherjee, et al., 2014). Beside this, the quantitative research design help to obtain the numerical information from survey through questionnaire as it will be supportive to accomplish the specified aim of research (Mackey and Gass, 2015). For this dissertation, researcher has used quantitative research design for examining the relationship between the Aftersales service and customer retention. This method enables the research scholar to conduct survey through questionnaire on employees and consumer of Swiss Watch Services L.L.C and collect their responses on the particular research matter. In this research study, researcher will not imply the qualitative research design because it is not appropriate to collect factual information in term of current research study. Research Strategy The research strategy is a significant part of the research because it facilitates the research scholar to examine the concern of research by providing responses in oppose to the research question. The research strategy enables research scholar to collect the data towards research issue and make a valid conclusion (Neuman, and Robson, 2014).The researcher will practice many research strategies like observation, survey through a questionnaire, focused group, case study, interview, and experiment. For this dissertation, researcher has used survey through questionnaire on the employees and customers of Swiss Watch Services L.L.C and obtains their answer in term of research issues. A researcher has used survey through questionnaire wherein close-ended questionnaire structure to implement in the research. The survey through questionnaire is less expensive than other methods (Ostapenko, 2016). Researcher has also directly communicated with employees and consumers of Swiss Watch Services L. L.C through email and builds a favourable relationship with them. Moreover, this method also supports to improve the quality of research. Data Collection Method The data collection method is used to collect data by using many sources to attain the research aim and research objectives. This dissertation demonstrates the role of Aftersales services in the consumer retention on the employees and consumer of Swiss Watch Services L.L.C. Hence, the research scholar will imply both data collection method like primary and secondary data collection method. The primary data collection method supports the researcher to collect fresh and first-hand information in the context of research study (Rahimi and Kozak, 2017). There are certain methods that are entailed in the primary data collection methods like an interview, survey through questionnaire and observation method (Panneerselvam, 2014). Moreover, this tool is imperative for research scholar to get reliable data from selected employees and consumers of Swiss Watch Services L.L.C. Besides this, the researcher also uses the secondary data collection method to obtain the data from available sources (Silverman, 2016).In the secondary data collection method, researcher considers many kinds of sources like articles, journals, books, company website, online and offline sources. The secondary data collection method supports to collect the reliable data in less time (Smith, 2015). Sampling Method Sampling strategy is implemented to choose appropriate respondents for conducting the research and get reliable result. In the research study, different types of sampling strategies are considered like probability and non-probability sampling tools (Taylor, et al., 2015). It facilitates the researcher to choose the feasible sample size from the targeted population. For this dissertation, total 45 population sizes are targeted in which, 5 corporate management, 20 employees, and 20 customers are selected with the intention of the interview. These targeted populations are SWS customers, SWS management, and employees. Non-probability sampling is selected for choosing the participants in a systematic manner. Under the non-probability sampling, convenience sampling method is used by a researcher for conducting the survey through a questionnaire on walk-in customers. In contrast to this, judgment sampling strategy is used by a researcher for conducting the survey through a questionnaire on employees who works in the after-sales department. In this interview, both skilled and senior people are selected to get the reliable information about research. In addition, approximately 90% of all people are willing to participate in the interview and survey through a questionnaire. The confidence level is 95% to get reliable outcome about research concern. For the analysis, +/-3% margin of error is selected to get an accurate outcome from the research. Data Analysis Method After gathering data, it is significant for an investigator to assess the pooled data. There are different techniques that are supportive to assess the gathered information such as statistical analysis, content analysis, and disclosure evaluation (Silverman, 2016). For this dissertation, statistical data analysis is used by a researcher via different software such as Excel and SPSS. This software is implemented to depict the information through different charts, graphs, and tables (Neuman, and Robson, 2014). It also enables the readers to comprehend the pooled data in context of the current research concern. This software is implemented to interpret the gathered facts and figure associated with research (Vaioleti, 2016). Validity and reliability In the research study, the researcher has considered many methods to test the reliability and validity of the research outcome like test-re-test method, peer review research materials, pilot testing, and debrief and revise. Other techniques are external validity, internal validity, data analysis techniques and verification, and secondary data and reliable method. These methods help the researcher to improve the accuracy of research outcome. For this dissertation, the researcher has used the peer-reviewed research materials, pilot testing, data analysis techniques and verification, and secondary data validity and reliability test. These methods are supportive to examine the validity and reliability of research matter. The pilot testing supports the researcher to test the reliability and validly of outcome (Ostapenko, 2016). Ethical Consideration For this dissertation, ethics is associated with the accomplishment of several research chapters in an ethical manner. An Investigator is used university guidelines and keeps the privacy of respondents. It also enables an investigator to emphasize on acts in a methodological way. There is some ethical consideration like prior consent to conduct questionnaire, and use of copyright act used by an investigator to conduct the research in an ethical manner (Rahimi and Kozak, 2017). Furthermore, to avoid the ethical issue, the researcher has given the credit to different authors by involving proper in-text in each paragraph. Research limitation The research limitation is effective to get valid result regarding current research matter. In the research study, there are many factors that are consider in the research limitation like plagiarism, data manipulation, refreshing, lack of cost, time, and resources. Moreover, researcher will use proper guideline of university to conduct the research appropriately and get feasible outcome (Khan, et al., 2014). Summary As per the above discussion, it can be summarized that the aftersales services supports to retain the employees hence organization should concentrate on aftersales services and gain improve their financial performance. Further, it can also be concluded that research onion framework supports to create understanding towards many tools and techniques like research methods, research strategy, research approach, research design, data collection method, and time horizon. It will help the researcher to collect appropriate information in context of the research matter. Moreover, it can also be illustrated that research scholar is used the paradigm philosophy to collect factual data and meet the research objectives in systematic way. It can be concluded that researcher has practised quantitative research design for examining the relationship between the Aftersales service and customer retention. At last, it can also be illustrated that the research scholar has used the statistical analysis te chniques to determine the collected information and obtain the valid outcome. References Brinkmann, S. (2014) Interview. InEncyclopedia of Critical Psychology. USA: Springer New York. Flick, U. (2015) Introducing research methodology: A beginner's guide to doing a research project. USA: Sage. Gast, D. L., and Ledford, J. R. (Eds.). (2014)Single case research methodology: Applications in special education and behavioral sciences. UK: Routledge. Glesne, C. (2015)Becoming qualitative researchers: An introduction. USA: Pearson. Hadi, Y. (2015) SMEs in the UAEs Creative Industries: Female Employees and Lax Marketing Efforts.International Journal of Business and Management,10(11), 122. KHAN, H. U., AWAN, M. A., and HO, H. C. (2014) How do Chinese and Saudi Customers Perceive Online Service Quality? A Comparative Study.Journal of Business Inquiry: Research, Education and Application,13(2). Kumar, R. (2014)Research methodology: A step-by-step guide for beginners. Sage. Mackey, A., and Gass, S. M. (2015)Second language research: Methodology and design. Routledge. Mukherjee, A., Satija, D., Goyal, T. M., Mantrala, M. K., and Zou, S. (2014) Impact of the retail FDI policy on Indian consumers and the way forward. InGlobalization and Standards(pp. 41-59). USA: Springer India. Neuman, W. L., and Robson, K. (2014)Basics of social research. USA: Pearson Canada. Ostapenko, N. (2016) The Expansion of a Niche Luxury Watchmaker: Sj Sandstrm in Europe,The Journal of Applied Business and Economics,18(4), P. 92. Panneerselvam, R. (2014)Research methodology. USA: PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. Rahimi, R., and Kozak, M. (2017) Impact of customer relationship management on customer satisfaction: The case of a budget hotel chain,Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing,34(1), pp. 40-51. Silverman, D. (Ed.) (2016).Qualitative research. USA: Sage. Smith, J. A. (Ed.). (2015)Qualitative psychology: A practical guide to research methods. USA: Sage. Taylor, S. J., Bogdan, R., and DeVault, M. (2015)Introduction to qualitative research methods: A guidebook and resource. USA: John Wiley and Sons. Vaioleti, T. M. (2016) Talanoa research methodology: A developing position on Pacific research,Waikato Journal of Education,12(1).